Ladder

Quadric — the ladder

2 distinct arguments against one idea, from the one that introduces it to the one that assumes the rest.
  1. correct from 8 cm, at 160 mm widestretch 1.358 · centres 4.28 px

    The ball at the edge of the frame

    A ball photographed near the edge of a wide picture is not drawn as a circle. It is an ellipse, longer along the radius from the centre of the picture than across it, and the centre of that ellipse is not the image of the centre of the ball. Both are properties of the flat sheet the picture is on, and an exact pinhole produces both.

    rung 3 · foundations
  2. correct from 18 cm, at 160 mm wideoutline from the duals · ellipse

    Every quadric has one outline

    The curve where a solid turns away from the eye is the section of the solid by one plane — the eye's polar plane — and the outline is three matrix products with no sampling in them. It works for a ball, a dish and a hyperboloid, and it fails for a cone, whose dual outline collapses to a single point and forgets which two lines pass through it.

    rung 4 · foundations

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